The treatment of mumps (epidemic parotitis) primarily aims to relieve symptoms and prevent complications, as there are currently no specific antiviral medications for this virus. Treatment strategies emphasize supportive care, accelerating recovery through symptom management and patient care. Physicians will develop personalized treatment plans based on the degree of fever, extent of parotid swelling, and potential risk of complications.
The core principles of treatment include controlling pain, reducing fever, maintaining hydration and nutritional intake, and closely monitoring for signs of severe complications. In rare but serious cases, such as meningitis or orchitis, specific medications such as steroids or antibiotics may be required. Vaccination remains the most effective method to prevent infection, but those already infected must rely on symptomatic treatment and supportive care.
Currently, the treatment of mumps is divided into two main categories: direct pharmacological intervention and supportive care. Pharmacological treatment primarily focuses on symptom management, such as the use of antipyretics and analgesics. Supportive therapy includes rest, dietary adjustments, and oral hygiene maintenance. In cases of rare complications such as encephalitis or pancreatitis, hospitalization and specialist treatment may be necessary.
The treatment process is typically divided into three phases: the acute phase focuses on symptom relief, the recovery phase emphasizes nutritional restoration, and subsequent follow-up addresses potential long-term complications. Physicians will dynamically adjust treatment strategies based on the patient's age, severity of symptoms, and risk of complications.
The use of medications primarily aims at symptom relief and includes:
It is important to note that antiviral medications are ineffective against the mumps virus, and the treatment direction does not include antiviral therapy. All medication use should follow physician instructions to avoid excessive use of NSAIDs, which can lead to gastrointestinal side effects.
Non-pharmacological interventions play a key role in symptom relief:
For those experiencing difficulty swallowing, consuming liquid diets in the form of frozen fruits or popsicles may be beneficial. Avoiding acidic foods to reduce saliva secretion and parotid gland stimulation is an important principle of daily care.
Patients must strictly adhere to isolation measures to prevent infecting others. It is recommended to isolate for 9 days after the onset of symptoms or until the swelling subsides. The home environment should be well-ventilated, and those who have been in contact with the patient should be monitored for 14 days for any signs of illness.
In terms of nutritional management, it is advised to adopt a non-irritating liquid or soft diet, such as rice milk or pudding. Oral hygiene should include rinsing with warm water daily to reduce the risk of bacterial infection. As the recovery phase progresses and normal eating resumes, patients should avoid chewing hard foods.
The medical community is actively exploring new treatment strategies targeting the mumps virus, including:
Gene therapy and immunomodulatory therapies are also considered potential directions, but they are still in the experimental stage. Future developments may include targeted therapies for specific complications, such as neuroprotective agents for encephalitis.
Immediate medical attention should be sought if the following severe symptoms occur:
In pediatric patients, if swallowing difficulties lead to signs of dehydration, such as decreased urine output or dry mouth, immediate medical evaluation is necessary. Chronic patients or those with immunocompromised conditions should seek medical attention within 24 hours of symptom onset to assess the need for intensive care.
Cold compresses can be applied to the affected area to reduce swelling and pain, and it is advisable to avoid acidic or hard foods to minimize saliva stimulation. Resting, staying hydrated, and taking antipyretics (such as paracetamol) can help alleviate fever and discomfort, but aspirin should be avoided to prevent Reye's syndrome.
Can mumps lead to complications such as orchitis or meningitis?Yes, about 20% of adult male patients may develop orchitis, which can cause pain and swelling, but in most cases does not affect fertility. The incidence of meningitis is about 15%, usually with mild symptoms that can resolve on their own, but immediate medical attention is required if high fever or confusion occurs.
Is it necessary to use antibiotics when treating mumps?Mumps is caused by a virus, and antibiotics are ineffective against viruses; therefore, their misuse is not recommended. If a bacterial infection (such as otitis media) occurs, the physician will prescribe antibiotics as needed. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to resistance, so it is important to follow the physician's instructions.
Do individuals who have had mumps still need to get vaccinated?Individuals who have previously been infected with mumps typically have lifelong immunity, but vaccination is still recommended to ensure adequate antibody levels. If the two doses of the MMR vaccine have not been completed, a second dose can be administered to enhance protection and prevent reinfection.
How long should patients be isolated before returning to school or work?Patients should remain isolated for about 9 days after the parotid swelling has completely subsided or until assessed by a physician for release from isolation. Before returning to school, it should be confirmed that they are no longer contagious, and participation in group activities should be avoided to prevent virus spread.
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