Skin cancer is a common malignant tumor, with symptoms varying depending on the type of cancer and the stage of the disease. Early detection of symptoms is crucial for treatment success, making it essential to understand the typical signs of skin cancer as the first step in prevention and diagnosis. Different types of skin cancer, such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma, exhibit varying symptoms, all related to abnormal changes in the skin.
The symptoms of skin cancer may primarily manifest as skin lesions, including new growths, abnormal changes in existing moles, or non-healing ulcers. These changes may be accompanied by noticeable differences in color, shape, size, or texture. Patients who experience unexplained skin damage or a sudden worsening of pre-existing skin issues should seek professional examination immediately.
Early skin cancer may present as small but noticeable changes in the skin. The most common early signs include:
The early signs of melanoma are often referred to as the "ABCDE criteria," used to identify abnormal moles: Asymmetry, Border (irregular borders), Color (uneven color), Diameter (greater than 6 mm), and Evolution (changes in shape or color). These signs may appear alone or in combination, and multiple indicators should be considered for assessment.
Basal cell carcinoma typically presents as translucent or pink nodules with raised edges and a central depression, possibly accompanied by telangiectasia or bleeding spots. Squamous cell carcinoma often forms hard, plaque-like lesions that may be keratinized or scabbed, feeling rough to the touch.
The symptoms of melanoma are more variable, potentially expanding rapidly from existing moles or appearing as new dark patches. Its color may include a mix of various shades (such as black, blue, red), and the surface may be raised or ulcerated. Non-melanoma types of skin cancer may only present as persistent skin ulcers lasting for weeks, which may be overlooked by patients.
As skin cancer progresses, symptoms will show more severe changes as the tumor spreads. Melanoma may grow rapidly, with the ulcerated area expanding and not healing easily, and surrounding tissues may show swelling or lymph node enlargement. If squamous cell carcinoma is left untreated, the affected area may form hard nodules and invade subcutaneous tissues, leading to pain or restricted movement.
Although basal cell carcinoma has a lower rate of metastasis, locally destructive growth can cause tissue damage, such as structural destruction of the nostrils or ear lobes. Symptoms in the advanced stage may be accompanied by systemic signs, such as unexplained weight loss and persistent fatigue, indicating that cancer may have metastasized to other organs.
Seek immediate medical attention if any of the following symptoms occur:
High-risk groups (such as those with a history of sunburn or family history) should arrange for professional examination upon noticing skin abnormalities, even if symptoms are mild. Doctors may assess the severity of the condition through dermatoscopy, biopsy, or imaging studies. Early medical intervention can significantly increase treatment success rates and prevent tumor spread to the lymphatic system or internal organs.
Patients should strictly avoid prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, use broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher daily, and wear hats, sunglasses, and long-sleeved clothing for added protection. The skin may be more sensitive after treatment, so it is recommended to choose fragrance-free skincare products and have regular comprehensive skin examinations by a dermatologist.
How can one determine if abnormal spots on the skin are early signs of skin cancer?Self-observation can be conducted using the "ABCDE criteria": Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter greater than 6 mm, and Evolution. If any of these features are observed, immediate medical attention should be sought for professional diagnosis.
Should dietary adjustments be made after skin cancer treatment to promote recovery?A balanced diet can help improve immunity and repair capabilities. It is recommended to increase the intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables (such as blueberries and spinach), high-quality proteins, and healthy fats (such as salmon and nuts). Avoid excessive consumption of processed foods and alcohol, and follow medical advice to supplement necessary nutrients like vitamin D or folic acid.
Do individuals with insufficient sun exposure still need to worry about the risk of skin cancer?Even individuals with darker skin or those who tan easily may still be at risk for skin cancer due to DNA damage from ultraviolet rays. While the risk is lower for those with darker skin, basal cell carcinoma or melanoma may still develop in less exposed areas, so regular self-examinations and medical screenings are still necessary.
What is the effectiveness of chemotherapy or immunotherapy in treating skin cancer?Early skin cancer is often primarily treated with surgery or local treatments, while advanced or metastatic cases may use immunotherapy or targeted drugs. Immunotherapy can activate the immune system to attack cancer cells but may be accompanied by side effects such as skin inflammation. Treatment plans should be individually assessed by physicians based on the type and stage of cancer.
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